DR. SCI. TSUNEO ISHIDA 

2-3-6, Saido, Midori-Ku, Saitama-Shi, Saitama-Ken, 〒336-0907, Japan

Corresponding Author: Dr. Sci. Tsuneo Ishida, 2-3-6, Saido, Midori-Ku, Saitama-Shi, Saitama-Ken, 〒336-0907, Japan, Email: ts-ishida@ac.auone-net.jp

Citation: Dr. Sci. Tsuneo Ishida (2023) Zinc(Ⅱ)-induced Balanced Immune COVID-19 Infectious Prevention and Anti-thrombus Formation. World J Case Rep Clin Imag. 2023 Sep-Jan; 01(2):1-8.

Copyrights: © 2023, This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-4.0-International-License-(CCBY-NC) (https://worldjournalofcasereports.org/blogpage/copyright-policy). Usage and distribution for commercial purposes require written permission.

ABSTRACT

Zinc(Ⅱ) induced higher immune COVID-19 prevention and anti-thrombus formation have been found by that zinc induced COVID-19 prevention, suppressive bronchial thrombosis, and modulatory pulmonary thromboembolism are attained, causing COVID-19 activated anti-thrombus activity and leading to COVID-19 anti-thrombus formation having higher immunity. Zinc can prevent COVID-19 thrombosis that can be more critical in patients with thrombocytopenia. Thus, zinc 25-50 mg/day supply could prevent COVID-19 respiratory thrombosis and pulmonary thromboembolism. Zinc ions inhibits COVID-19 blood coagulation and respiratory thrombus formation that Zn²⁺ plays a major role in the regulation of coagulation, in which zinc deficient supplementation affects the integrity of the bronchial epithelium and excessive respiratory drive could lead to venous thromboembolic disease and pulmonary microvascular thrombosis. Thus, balanced immune zinc concentration for respiratory anti-thrombus formation is shown to be zinc sulfate 60–90 mg/day at 12 month and zinc oxide 5 mg/day at 12 month on respiratory tract infection.

The other, zinc ions can decrease COVID-19 lung inflammation and promote platelet activation function that inhibits pulmonary thromboembolism, in which platelets could respond to changes in extracellular and intracellular Zn²⁺ concentration. Zn²⁺ can modulate platelet and coagulation activation pathways, including fibrin formation that the release of ionic Zn²⁺ store contributes to the procoagulant role of Zn²⁺ in platelet-dependent fibrin formation. Thus, zinc (by using zinc 30～50～75 mg/day or 0.01‐0.2 mmol/L solution Zn²⁺ ) can modulate COVID-19 respiratory and pulmonary thromboembolism against COVID-19 infection.

Zinc ions can promote balanced immunological and neurological anti-thrombosis formation during ROS production and excessive oxidative stress against COVID-19 infection. Persistent zinc intake for severe aggravation of COVID-19 has been suggested to be 8–11 mg/day for adults (upper intake level 40 mg/day) and suggesting that a zinc intake of 30–70 mg/day might aid in the RNA virus control. In addition, Zn²⁺ ions-binding molecular mechanism has been clarified that Zn²⁺ ions may be bound with COVID-19 preventative, inflammatory, platelet, coagulation, thrombus various proteins by Zn²⁺ ions-centered tetrahedrally binding protein molecular coordination pattern.

KEYWORDS:

Zn²⁺ ion, Immune COVID-19 infection, Platelet activation, Blood coagulation, Respiratory thrombosis, Lung inflammation, Pulmonary thromboembolism, Zn²⁺ ions-centered coordinated binding proteins.

ABBREVIATIONS

ACE2=angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. ARDS=acute (adult) respiratory distress syndrome, ATE=arterial thromboembolism, CAC=COVID-19-associated coagulopathy, COVID-19=coronavirus disease-2019, COVIDAtoZ=COVID-19, Using Ascorbic Acid and Zinc Supplementation, CRP=collagen-related peptide, CUS= compression ultrasound, CVD=cardiovascular diseases, DRI=dietary reference intake, DVT=deep vein thrombosis, ER=endoplasmatic reticulum, ICU=intensive care unit, MPO= myeloperoxidase, NIH=National Institutes of Health, NOAEL=no observed adverse effect level, PE=pulmonary embolism, RDA=recommended daily allowance, RDI=recommended dietary intake, RBC=red blood cell, RdRp=RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase, ROS=reactive oxygen species, SARS=severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, TMPRSS2=transmembrane serine protease 2, TNF=tumor necrosis factor, TRPV1=transient receptor potential vanilloid 1, VTE=venous thromboembolism.