Zinc(Ⅱ) Ions Can Modulate Prostate Cancer Suppressive Progression

Semi-Review Article | Open Access

Volume 2023 - 2 | Article ID 224 | http://dx.doi.org/10.51521/WJCRCI.2023.220118

Zinc(Ⅱ) Ions Can Modulate Prostate Cancer Suppressive Progression

Academic Editor: Wendy Yeo

Received 2023-07-07
Revised 2023-08-04
Accepted 2023-08-09
Published 2023-08-16

Dr. Sci. Tsuneo ISHIDA

2-3-6, Saido, Midori-Ku, Saitama-Shi, Saitama-Ken, 〒336-0907, JAPAN

Corresponding Author: Dr. Sci. Tsuneo ISHIDA, 2-3-6, Saido, Midori-Ku, Saitama-Shi, Saitama-Ken, 〒336-0907, Japan, Email: ts-ishida@ac.auone-net.jp

Citation: Dr. Sci. Tsuneo ISHIDA, Zinc(Ⅱ) Ions Can Modulate Prostate Cancer Suppressive Progression. World J Case Rep Clin Imag. 2023 July-August; 2(2)1-5.

Copyrights: © 2023, Dr. Sci. Tsuneo ISHIDA. This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-4.0-International-License-(CCBY-NC) (https://worldjournalofcasereports.org/blogpage/copyright-policy). Usage and distribution for commercial purposes require written permission.

Abstract

Zinc(Ⅱ) induced prostate cancer (PCa) suppressive progression with PCa Stage 1, Stage 2, and Stage 3 is investigated, subsequently, the zinc-ions binding prostate anti-cancer molecular mechanism is clarified.

At PCa Stage 1, zinc regulates proliferation and growth, apoptogenesis in prostate cancer cells that zinc suppresses the growth of tumor xenografts and the development of normal prostate cancer tumors can be diminished. At PCa Stage 2, zinc suppresses the progression of PCa by proliferation, migration, and invasiveness that zinc is confirmed to function as a tumor suppressor in PCa cells, in which zinc, zinc transporters, and zinc and ZRT- and Irt-like proteins1 (ZIP1) can suppress tumor growth, invasive and migratory tumor malignant cell, and regional lymph nodes in PCa cancer. At PCa Stage 3, metastatic prostate cancer is composed of proliferation, neovascularization, extravasation, and bone or bone marrow metastasis that MAZ regulates PCa bone metastasis, intercellular zinc levels inhibit metastatic and angiogenic malignant cells, and ZMYND8 inhibits tumor angiogenesis.

Zinc induced ROS generation in PCa cell is involved that ROS-mediated oxidative stress on prostate cancer can be modulated by rich antioxidants and accumulated zinc, resulting paclitaxed (PTX) to mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to apoptotic tumor cells.

Zinc coordinated molecular apoptosis mechanism in PCa cells is involved that Zn²⁺ ions having Zn²⁺ ions-centered tetrahedral geometric coordination pattern bind with each PCa stage tumor proteins, causing Zn²⁺ ions-several protein complex formation and apoptosis of PCa cells, leading to molecular apoptosis of prostate cancer tumor cells.

Keywords: Zinc(Ⅱ), PCa proliferation and growth, Invasive and migratory malignant cell, Regional lymph nodes, Bone and bone marrow metastasis, Tumor angiogenesis, ROS and oxidative stress.

Abbreviations

ADT=androgen deprivation therapy, AR=androgen receptor, BAX=Bcl-2-associated X protein, BPH=benign prostate hyperplasia, BPNs=black phosphorus nanosheets, LNCaP=human prostate tumor cell line, LNM=lymph node metastasis, MAZ=Myc-associated zinc-finger protein, NF-κB=nuclear factor-kappa B, PCa=prostate cancer, PCNA=proliferating cell nuclear antigen, PSA=prostate specific antigen, PTX=paclitaxel, SASP=senescence-associated secretory phenotype, TME=tumor microenvironment, TRAMP=transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate, VEGF-A=vascular endothelial growth factor A, ZFX=Zinc finger protein X-linked, ZIPs=ZRT- and Irt-like proteins, ZMYND8=Zinc finger MYND-type containing 8, ZnAAs=zinc amino acid conjugates